DC Electronics

New Generation Publishing

Easy, Hands On Electronics Books

Second Edition

A Practical Handbook to

DC Electronics

NEW GENERATION PUBLISHING

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Printed in the United States of America

ISBN 0-9776054-4-2 / 978-0-9776054-4-6

Preface

This handbook can be a supplemental tool to a DC electronics textbook. The main purpose of this handbook is a HANDS-ON APPROACH in learning DC circuits.

In each section, a component is introduced and then a software/hardware circuit will follow. The hardware circuit is the simulation of the software circuit.

The main goal of this handbook is to create a vast visualization of the working function of the DC electronics circuitries. Based on my experience in teaching electronics, students had more problems with setting up the hardware circuits than software circuits. Therefore, one of my main intentions in writing this handbook is to guide the students through setting up a complete wiring of the circuits.

This handbook is a COMPREHENSIVE COVERAGE of the practical working of the DC circuits and can be used as a crash course in DC electronics, a lab-book, or a supplement to any DC electronics textbook.

Contents

Chapter 0: Basics

Powers of Ten …………………………………………………………………. 2

Scientific Notation ……………………………………………..……………… 4

Engineering Notation ………………………………………………………...... 5

Atoms ………………………………………………………………..…………. 6

Chapter 1: DC Signal

1.1 DC Voltage and Current ………………………………………….…………….. 8

1.2 DC Signal ……………………………………………………………………….. 10

1.3 Power Supply …………………………………………………………………… 11

1.4 Multi-meter ………………………………………………………………………..13

1.5 Volt-meter ……………………………………………………………………….. 16

1.6 Circuit board ……………………………………………………………………...18

Chapter 2: DC Resistive Circuits

2.1 Resistor …………………………………………………………………………… 22

2.2 Ohm-meter ………………………………………………….…………………….. 25

2.3 Variable Resistor ………………………………………………………………… 30

2.4 Color Code of Resistor ……………………………………………………………32

2.5 Ohm’s Law ………………………………………………………………………….35

2.6 Electric Power ……………………………………………………………………. 39

2.7 Conventional Current Flow and the Ground …………………………………….. 40

2.8 Ammeter ………………………………………………………….………………...41

Chapter 3: Series and Parallel Circuits

3.1 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law …………………………………………………………. 48

3.2 Kirchhoff’s Current Law ………………………………………………………….. 55

3.3 Series and Parallel Batteries ……………………………………………………..66

3.4 Series Circuit ……………………………………………………………………….67

3.5 Parallel Circuit ……………………………………………………………………...71

3.6 Series-Parallel Circuit ……………………………………………………………..75

3.7 Voltage Divider ……………………………………………………………………..78

3.8 Complex Circuit …………………………………………………………………….83

Chapter 4: Circuit Theorems

4.1 T or Y Connection ……………………………………………………………… 85

4.2 Pi or Delta Connection ……………………………………..………………….. 86

4.3 Pi to T Conversion Formulas ………………………………..………………… 87

4.4 T to Pi Conversion Formulas …………………………………..………………. 88

4.5 Bridge Circuit …………………………………………………………………… 89

4.6 Thevenin’s Theorem …………………………………………..………………… 92

4.7 Norton’s Theorem …………………………………………….…………….…… 95

4.8 Superposition Theorem ……………………………….…………………….….. 98

Chapter 5: Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction

5.1 Magnetic Field …………………………………………………….……………101

5.2 Electromagnetic Field …………………………………….……………………102

5.3 Induced Voltage and Current …..…………………………………………….. 104